The Journal of
the Korean Society on Water Environment

The Journal of
the Korean Society on Water Environment

Bimonthly
  • ISSN : 2289-0971 (Print)
  • ISSN : 2289-098X (Online)
  • KCI Accredited Journal

Editorial Office





Aquatic ecosystem, Food chain transfer, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Trophic transfer

1. Introduction

๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ(nanomaterials)์€ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์™ธํ˜•์ ์ธ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ, ์„ธ๋กœ, ์ง๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด 100nm ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ(Bae et al., 2009) ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž(nanoparticle) ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ (nanowire), ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ(nanotube), ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ง‰๋Œ€(nanorod), ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒ(nanoplate) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ „์ž, ํ†ต์‹ , ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ์˜๋ฃŒ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Guo et al., 2006; Meng et al., 2011, Sund et al., 2011). ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒŒํฌ(bulk)๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ(Saafan et al., 2010), ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด‰๋งค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ „ํ™˜์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค(Zhao et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2012).

๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ, ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ, ๋ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋จธ(Dendrimers) ๋ฐ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ(U.S.EPA, 2007) ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์˜๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ด๊ท , ํ–ฅ๊ท  ๋“ฑ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์€(Ag)๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ(Marambio-Jones and Hoek, 2010) ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ, ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด, ๊ด‘์ด‰๋งค ๋“ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„(TiO2) ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ(Shephard et al., 2002; Villalobos-Hernandez and Muller-Goymann, 2006), ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ, MRI ์กฐ์˜์ œ, ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์ฒ (Fe2O3)๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ(Ali et al., 2014) ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์†Œ๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ’€๋Ÿฌ๋ Œ(Fullerene), ์นด๋ณธ๋ธ”๋ž™(Carbon black) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ’€๋Ÿฌ๋ Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์šฉํ’ˆ ๋ฐ IT ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ(Arie et al., 2009; Withers et al., 1997) ์นด๋ณธ๋ธ”๋ž™์€ ํƒ€์ด์–ด, ๊ณ ๋ฌด, ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ํ† ๋„ˆ ๋“ฑ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Relsetter et al., 2011).

์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ์ฒด ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ œ์กฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ์ฒด์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Cordeiro et al., 2014). ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Lee and An, 2010) ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋…์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ(food chain) ๋ฐ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„(trophic level)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ „์ด(transfer) ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•(biomagnification)์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Lee and An (2011)์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ดํ›„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ด์šฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. Research on exposure and transfer of nanomaterials in aquatic ecosystem

2.1. ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ

๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 17ํŽธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Table 1). ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ Quantum dot(QD)์œผ๋กœ, ์ด 6ํŽธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, Bouldin et al. (2008)์€ QD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Bouldin et al.์€ carboxyl QD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์ธ Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์ธ Ceriodaphnia dubia ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ „์ด๋Š” QD์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ ๋‚ด์— QD๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜•๊ด‘ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ Pixel intensity๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Holbrook et al. (2008) ๋˜ํ•œ carboxylated QD์™€ biotinylated QD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„(Escherichia coli), ์„ฌ๋ชจ์ถฉ (Tetrahymena pyriformis), ๋‹ด๋ฅœ์ถฉ(Brachionus calyciflorus)์˜ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Holbrook et al. ์€ confocal laser scanning microscopy๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ QD์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, QD ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ E. coli ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ T. pyriformis ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” E. coil ๋‚ด์— QD๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ T. pyriformis ๊ฐ€ E. coli cell๋งŒ์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, T. pyriformis์˜ QD ์ง์ ‘๋…ธ์ถœ์—์„œ๋Š” QD์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์ถ•์ ์„ ๊ณต์ดˆ์  ๋ ˆ์ด์ ธ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(CLSM)์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ T. pyriformis ์—์„œ B. calyciflorus ๋กœ์˜ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ์—์„œ๋Š” B. calyciflorus ๋‚ด QD๊ฐ€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œํฌ์„ ์œ ๋„๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•(Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric, ID-ICP-MS)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋†๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋†๋„์˜ ๋†๋„๋น„๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Bioconcentration Factors, BCFs)์™€ ๋จน์ด ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์œ„๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•ํ™•๋Œ€๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Biomagnification Factors, BMFs)๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Werlin et al. (2011)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)์™€ ์„ฌ๋ชจ์ถฉ(Tetrahymena thermophile)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Cd/Se QD์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฃผ์‚ฌํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(STEM)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ P. aeruginosa๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ T. thermophile ๋‚ด์˜ QD์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” BMFs์ธ 4.82(cell volume base)์™€ 5.37(dry biomass base)์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋จน์ด์›์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Werlin et al., 2011). Lewinski et al. (2011)์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ฑํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค(Artemia franciscana sp.)๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ(Daphnia magna), ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Danio rerio) 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ QD์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ BMFs๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Jackson et al. (2012)์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Isochrysis galbana)์™€ ๋‹จ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜(Leptocheirus plumulosus)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ QD์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ ˆ์‚ญ ์œ ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•(LA-ICP-MS)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ L. plumulosus ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ QD์˜ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ๋กœ QD์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ L. plumulosus ๋Š” ์ฒด๋‚ด์— QD๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ง์ ‘ QD์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ L. plumulosus์—์„œ๋Š” QD๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ Lee and An (2014)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์›์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ(Astasia longa), ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ(Moina macrocopa), ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Danio rerio)์˜ 3 trophic chain์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ QD์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ Bioimaging์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ A. longa ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ D. rerio ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ BCFs ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•ํ™•๋Œ€(Biomagnification) ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1.

Studies on food chain transfer of nanomaterials using freshwater species

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QD ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„(Titanium dioxide, TiO2) ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ์ด 4ํŽธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ Zhu et al. (2010)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ(Dphnia magna)์™€ ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Danio rerio)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ n-TiO2์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, Zhu et al. (2010)์€ ์ง์ ‘๋…ธ์ถœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ์— ์˜ํ•œ n-TiO2์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์ถ•์ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)์™€ ์„ฌ๋ชจ์ถฉ(Tetrahymena thermophile)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ n-TiO2์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ Mielke et al. (2013) ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, n-TiO2์˜ ์ง์ ‘๋…ธ์ถœ์—์„œ๋Š” T. thermophile์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, P. aeruginosa๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Yeo et al. (2013) ์€ TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2NP)๊ณผ TiO2 nanotube (TiO2NT)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ฝ”์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜์—๋Š” ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด(Cipangopaludina chinensis), ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Oryzias sinensis), ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Spirogyra sp.), ์ˆ˜์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ(Oenanthe javanica, Isoetes japonica), ์„ ์ถฉ(Meloidogyne sp.) ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ฝ”์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ›„์— ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋†๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ•„๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ O. javanica ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ Ti ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋จน์ด์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” Meloidogyne sp. ์™€ C. chinensis ๋กœ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๋จน์ด๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” Spirogyra sp. ์—์„œ O. sinensis ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์ด๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Dalai et al. (2014) ์€ n-TiO2๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Scenedesmus obliquus)์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ(Ceriodaphnia dubia)์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…ธ์ถœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์ถ•์  ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์„ n-TiO2์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ n-TiO2์— 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์…‹์งธ๋กœ n-TiO2์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚จ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ด๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ์˜ ์•ฝ 70% ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ผ์ถœ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”ํŒ…๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž(AuNP)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ํŽธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, Renault et al. (2008) ์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Scenedesmus subspicatus)์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ฐœ(Corbicula fluminea)๋กœ AuNP์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด AuNP์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์€ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ MS-ICP๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TEM ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ AuNP๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํก์ฐฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ C. fluminea ์˜ ์œ„์™€ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ, ์†Œํ™”์ƒ˜์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ AuNP๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Gilroy et al. (2014) ์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Ankistrodesmus falcatus)์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ (Daphnia magna)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ AuNP์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ UV-Vis spectroscopy๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ AuNP์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Gilroy et al. (2014)์€ AuNP๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํก์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ(ZnO) ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ํŽธ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ Croteau et al. (2011) ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทœ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Nitzschia palea)์™€ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด(Lymnaea stagnalis)์˜ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ n-ZnO์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๋†๋„์˜ n-ZnO์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ N. palea๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ L. stagnalis์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ์ ์€ ์–‘์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๋ณ€์˜ ์–‘๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์†Œํ™”๋ ฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ N. palea์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— n-ZnO๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํก์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋†๋„ n-ZnO ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ตฐ์˜ N. palea ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ L. stagnail์˜ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์†Œํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ N. palea๊ฐ€ ์ €๋†๋„ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Ates et al. (2014) ์€ n-ZnO์™€ ์‚ฐํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(CuO) ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Artemia salina)์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Carassius auratus)๋กœ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. C. auratus ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์—์„œ์˜ n-ZnO์™€ n-CuO์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋ง๋ก ๋””์•Œ๋ฐํžˆ๋“œ(malondialdehyde, MDA)์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, n-ZnO ์€ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ ์‹œ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ €๋†๋„์™€ ๊ณ ๋†๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  n-CuO์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ €๋†๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋†๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. n-ZnO๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘๋…ธ์ถœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ MDA์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ n-CuO์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ MDA์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋Š” Cedervall et al. (2012) ์˜ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ polystyrene nanoparticle์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Scenedesmus sp.), ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ(Daphnia magna) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Carassium carassius) ์ด 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ๋ ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, C. carassius ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋‚ด์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ผ์ด๋“œ:์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์˜ ๋น„์œจ, ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” C. carassius ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ง€์งˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๊ต๋ž€์ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ Cedervall et al. ์€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. McTeer et al. (2014) ์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์ธ Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ Daphnia magna ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์€๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž(AgNP)์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ AgNP์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์€(AgNO3)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Ag์˜ ์ „์ด์— PO43โˆ’๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ low PO43โˆ’ medium๊ณผ high PO43โˆ’ medium์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ AgNP์™€ AgNO3 ๋ชจ๋‘ D. magna ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋Š” Ag์˜ ์–‘์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ PO43โˆ’ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์€์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ D. magna ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Ag+์˜ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ(ligand) ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” PO43โˆ’๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ AgNP๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด Ag+์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋” ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ Pakrashi et al. (2014) ์€ ์‚ฐํ™”์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„(Al2O3)๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Chlorella ellipsoides)์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ(Ceriodaphnia dubia)์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ n-Al2O3๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด C. ellipsoids ์—์„œ C. dubia ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ์ด D. magna ์˜ ์„ญ์‹ํ™œ๋™์— ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์‹ํ–‰๋™์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด 17๊ฑด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 12๊ฑด, 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 4๊ฑด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋งŒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ QD์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” n-TiO2 ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ด 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํ—˜์ข…์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ(Water flea)์œผ๋กœ D. magna ๊ฐ€ 5๊ฑด, C. dubia ๊ฐ€ 3๊ฑด, Moina macrocopa ๊ฐ€ 1๊ฑด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜(Algae)-๋ฌผ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์‹œํ—˜์ข…์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ ๋…์„ฑ์€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ณผ ์‹œํ—˜์ข…์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ถ•์ (Bioaccumulation)๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•ํ™•๋Œ€(Biomagnification) ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

2.2. ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ

ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 5ํŽธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Table 2) ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋‘ ๊ฑด์˜ AgNP์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, Cleveland et al. (2012) ์€ AgNP๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์ฝ”์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์™€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ, ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ•„๋ฆ„, ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ดˆ๋ณธ(Spartina alterniflora), ์ง„ํ™ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด(Ilyanassa obsoleta), ์ƒˆ์šฐ(Palaemonetes pugio), ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ(Mercenaria mercenaria) ์œ ์ƒ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์–‘๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์•ฝํ’ˆ, ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ICP-MS ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์ข… ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ, ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ BCFs์™€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ”ผ์‹์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ์‹์ž๋กœ ์ „์ด๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์˜์–‘์ „์ด๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Trophic Transfer Factors, TTFs)๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ M. mercenaria์™€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ„์˜ BCFs๊ฐ€ 78์—์„œ 1,000์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Wang et al. (2014) ์€ 20nm์™€ 80nm ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ AgNP๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ์šฐ(Artemia salina)์™€ ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Oryzias melastigma)์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 28์ผ์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ O. melastigma๋กœ์˜ AgNP์˜ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ 6% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ 0.01์—์„œ 0.04 ์ •๋„์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋†๋„์˜ AgNP์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ A. salina ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ O. melastigma์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ €ํ•ด์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 2.

Studies on food chain transfer of nanomaterials using marine species

../../Resources/kswe/30-6/images/SJBJB8_2014_v30n6_683_t002.jpg
Fig. 1.

Examples of nanoparticle trophic transfer shown in the previous studies. (A) Holbrook et al., 2008 (Bacteria-Protozoa-Rotifer) (B) Lewinski et al., 2011; Cedervall et al., 2012 (Plankton-Water flea-Fish) (C) Lee and An, 2014 (Protozoa-Water flea-Fish) (a) Werlin et al., 2011; Mielke et al., 2013 (Bacteria-Protozoa) (b) Croteau et al., 2011 (Diatom-Snail) (c) Bouldin et al., 2008; Dalai et al., 2014; Gilroy et al., 2014; McTeer et al., 2014; Pakrashi et al., 2014 (Plankton-Water flea) (d) Zhu et al., 2010 (e) Renault et al., 2008 (Plankton-Bivalve) (f) Jackson et al., 2012 (Plankton-Shrimp) (g) Ates et al., 2014 (Shrimp-Fish) (h) Conway et al., 2014 (Algae-Mussel) (i) Gambardella et al., 2014 (Algae-Sea urchin) (j) Wang et al., 2014 (Shrimp-Fish).

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AgNP ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” Ferry et al. (2009) ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์ฝ”์ฆ˜(Mesocosm)์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ์ถ•์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹คํ—˜๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ธˆ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ง‰๋Œ€(Gold nanorod, AuNR)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ, ํ•ด์ค‘์‹๋ฌผ(Spartina alterniflora), ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ•„๋ฆ„, ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด(Ilyanassa obsoleta), ์กฐ๊ฐœ(Mercenaria mercenaria), ์ƒˆ์šฐ(Palaemonetes pugio), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฅ˜(Cyprinodon variegatus)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์ฝ”์ฆ˜์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๊ณณ์€ ์—ฌ๊ณผ์„ญ์‹์ž์ธ M. mercenaria ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ•„๋ฆ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Conway et al. (2014) ์€ ์ œ์กฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ์‚ฐํ™”์„ธ๋ฅจ(CeO2) ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค(Isochrysis galbana)๊ณผ ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๊ณผ์„ญ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™ํ•ฉ(Mytilus galloprovincialis) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. I. galbana ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ n-CeO2๋ฅผ 1h ์ด๋‚ด์— ํก์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ M. galloprovincialis ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ฝ 99%์˜ n-CeO2๊ฐ€ ํก์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์œ„๋ถ„(Pseudofaeces)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์ ‘๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ๋จน์ด๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ฐ„ ํ™ํ•ฉ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ์œ„๋ถ„์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฅจ์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. Gambardella et al. (2014) ์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ Cricosphaera elongata ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ด์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒŒ์ธ Paracentrotus lividus์˜ ์œ ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ(SiO2), ์‚ฐํ™”์ฃผ์„(SnO2), ์‚ฐํ™”์„ธ๋ฅจ(CeO2), ์‚ฐํ™”์ฒ (Fe3O4) ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. n-SiO2 ์™€ n-CeO2์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ C. elongata ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ P. lividus ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ƒ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ๊ณจ๊ฒฉํ‡ด๋ณด์™€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ NPs์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ C. elongata ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ P. lividus ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ n-SiO2 ์™€ n-CeO2๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด P. lividus ์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์ฝ”์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์ข…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์ฝ”์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฑด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹œํ—˜์ข…์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฑด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Gambardella et al., 2014)๋งŒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ถ•์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•(Bioconcentration)์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‘๊ฑด์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. Analysis of research trend

ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 17ํŽธ, ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 5ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 22ํŽธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ QD๋กœ, ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ICP, AAS ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ QD๊ฐ€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์— ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ n-TiO2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘์ด‰๋งค, ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰๋„๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋“ฑ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—(Shephard et al., 2002; VillalobosHernandez and Muller-Goymann, 2006) ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ธ polystyrene nanoparticle์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” 12๊ฑด์˜ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ 2๊ฑด์˜ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๊ต์  ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”์†Œ์ฝ”์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•„์ง 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ฐ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜•๊ด‘ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ CLSM ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ICP์™€ AAS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

4. Conclusion

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ„ ์ „์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…, ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™, ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์ด์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋†์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ด์ œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ˆ™๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด์—๋งŒ ์น˜์ค‘๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ ๊ณผ ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ „์ด๋งŒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ์ „์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ 0์ฐจ์›(0-dimension) ์ž…์ž์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๋กœ, ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 1์ฐจ์› ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ์› ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2014๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2014R1A2A1A11050513).

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