The Journal of
the Korean Society on Water Environment

The Journal of
the Korean Society on Water Environment

Bimonthly
  • ISSN : 2289-0971 (Print)
  • ISSN : 2289-098X (Online)
  • KCI Accredited Journal

Editorial Office





Sediment, Sediment reduction, SWAT, Vegetative filter strips, VFSMOD-w

1. Introduction

수질 μ˜€μ—Όμ›μ€ 크게 μ μ˜€μ—Όμ›κ³Ό λΉ„μ μ˜€μ—Όμ›μœΌλ‘œ ꡬ뢄 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. μ μ˜€μ—Όμ›μ€ μ˜€μ—Όμ›μ˜ 배좜 및 μœ μž…κ²½λ‘œ νŒŒμ•…μ΄ μ‰¬μ›Œ ν™˜κ²½κΈ°μ΄ˆ μ‹œμ„€μ„ μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 체계적인 관리가 이루어지고 μžˆλ‹€(Oh et al., 2004). ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ μ˜€μ—Όμ›μ˜ 체계적인 관리에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  지속적인 λΉ„μ μ˜€μ—Όμ› μœ μž…μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ²œκ³Ό ν˜Έμ†Œ μˆ˜μ§ˆμ€ 크게 ν–₯μƒλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€(Kim et al., 2002). 이에 λΉ„μ μ˜€μ—Όμ› 관리λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ΅œμ κ΄€λ¦¬κΈ°λ²•(best management practices)이 적용되고 μžˆλ‹€. μ΅œμ κ΄€λ¦¬κΈ°λ²•μ€ λΉ„μ μ˜€μ—Όμ›μ„ μ €κ°μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ ꡬ쑰적·비ꡬ쑰적 κ΄€λ¦¬κΈ°λ²•μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜λ©°, κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 적용되고 μžˆλŠ” μ΅œμ κ΄€λ¦¬κΈ°λ²•μ—λŠ” 배수둜, μΈκ³΅μŠ΅μ§€, 침사지, μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 등이 μžˆλ‹€(Kim and Lee, 2006). κ·Έ 쀑 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λŠ” κ°•μš°μ‚¬μƒ μ‹œ λ°œμƒν•œ μœ μ‚¬λ₯Ό μ €κ°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ΅œμ κ΄€λ¦¬κΈ°λ²•μœΌλ‘œ κ²½μž‘μ§€ 말단뢀에 띠 λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μ„€μΉ˜λœ μ‹μƒλŒ€λ₯Ό λ§ν•œλ‹€(Schmitt et al., 1999). κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€, μ΄ˆμƒλŒ€, μ‹μƒλŒ€, μ™„μΆ©μ‹μƒλŒ€κ°€ 같은 의미둜써 ν˜Όμš©λ˜μ–΄ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  있으며, κ΅­μ™Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 큰 μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ vegetative filter strips, grassed buffer strips, filter strips, grassed filters λ“±μœΌλ‘œ ν˜Όμš©λ˜μ–΄ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€(Choi and Jang, 2014).

효율적인 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 섀계λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 졜적의 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적을 μ‚°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€(Park and Hyun, 2014; Park et al., 2007). λ§Œμ•½ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€κ°€ ν•„μš” μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ„€κ³„λœλ‹€λ©΄ μž‘λ¬Ό 재배 면적이 κ°μ†Œν•˜μ—¬ μƒμ‚°λŸ‰μ΄ κ°μ†Œν•˜κ²Œ 되고 결과적으둜 경제적인 손해가 λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€. λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ₯Ό λ„ˆλ¬΄ μž‘μ€ 규λͺ¨λ‘œ μ„€μΉ˜ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ κΈ°λŒ€ μ΄ν•˜μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ 수질 ν–₯상에 큰 도움이 λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€. 이에 졜적의 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적을 μ‚°μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μΈμžλ“€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. Choi and Jang (2014)λŠ” 경사도 5%의 κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄ˆμ’…(μΈ„νŒŒ, ν”Ό, λ°”λž­μ΄, μž”λ””, ν†¨νŽ˜μŠ€ν, μΌ„ν„°ν‚€λΈ”λ£¨κ·ΈλΌμŠ€)에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μΆœμ €κ° νš¨κ³Όμ™€ λΉ„μ μ˜€μ—Όμ €κ° 효과λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό 6κ°€μ§€ μ΄ˆμ’… μ€‘μ—μ„œ μž”λ””λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 λΉ„μ μ˜€μ—Όμ €κ° νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. Dilaha et al. (1988)은 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 길이λ₯Ό 4.6 m와 9.1 m둜 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬ κ°€μΆ• λ°©λͺ©μ§€μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효과λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬ 각각 81%와 91%의 μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효과λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Patzold et al. (2007)은 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 길이(3 m, 6 m, 12 m)을 κ°€μ§„ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ₯Ό μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 3λ…„κ°„ 3κ°€μ§€ 제초제의 저감 νš¨μœ¨μ„ 비ꡐ뢄석 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ Otto et al. (2012)λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ₯Ό μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 2007λ…„λΆ€ν„° 2009λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 3λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ°•μš°μ‚¬μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 제초제 저감 효과λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ κ°•μš°μ‚¬μƒ μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œλ„ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 지속적인 저감 효과λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν–ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜„μž₯μ‹€ν—˜μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 기상 및 μ§€ν˜• 쑰건을 단기간에 κ³ λ €ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” ν•œκ³„μ μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰건을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ¨λΈλ“€μ΄ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λŒ€ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ SWAT (The soil and water assessment tool), VFSMOD-w (Vegetative Filter Strip MODel), WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project), GRAPH (GRAss-Phosphorus), GRASSF (Kentucky filter strip model) 등이 있으며, κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œ SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•은 μœ μ—­μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μ μš©μ„± 평가λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 많이 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€(Bosch et al., 2013; Parajuli et al., 2008; Shan et al., 2014).

SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•은 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ μ‚°μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ White and Arnold (2009)κ°€ κ°œλ°œν•œ 식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. White and Arnold (2009)은 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μΈμžλ“€μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°€μ§€ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•을 톡해 λͺ¨μ˜ ν•œ 결과와 ν˜„μž₯μ‹€ν—˜ 자료λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ 식을 κ°œλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ White and Arnold (2009)κ°€ μ„€μ •ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λŠ” 미ꡭ의 일반적인 κ²½μž‘μ§€ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 기초둜 μ„€μ •λ˜μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ―Έκ΅­ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ™€ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κ°œμ„ μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ—μ„œμ˜ 유좜수, μœ μ‚¬λ°œμƒκ³Ό μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μΈμžλ“€μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•에 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•에 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 산정식을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 것이닀.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. SWAT λͺ¨ν˜• λ‚΄ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ λͺ¨λ“ˆ

SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•은 λ―Έκ΅­ 농무성 λ†μ—…μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ μœ μ—­λ‹¨μœ„ λͺ¨ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°μƒμžλ£Œ(일 κ°•μˆ˜λŸ‰, 기온, 풍속, μΌμ‘°λŸ‰, μƒλŒ€μŠ΅λ„)와 ν† μ§€μ΄μš©λ„, 토양속성 그리고 μˆ˜μΉ˜ν‘œκ³ λͺ¨λΈ(DEM)을 μž…λ ₯자료둜 ν•˜μ—¬ μž₯κΈ° 유좜, μœ μ‚¬ 및 λΉ„μ μ˜€μ—Όμ›μ˜ 거동 등을 λͺ¨μ˜ν•œλ‹€. SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ΅œμ κ΄€λ¦¬κΈ°λ²•μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ λͺ¨μ˜κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œλ° κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 많이 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€(Bosch et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2010; Parajuli et al., 2008). ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κΈ°μ‘΄ SWAT λͺ¨ν˜• λ‚΄ VFS λͺ¨λ“ˆμ— μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 산정식(식 (1))은 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μΈμžμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³ λ € 없이 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ ν­λ§Œμ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ μ‚°μ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 문제점이 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 이에 White and Arnold (2009)λŠ” μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ ν­λ§Œμ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν–ˆλ˜ 기쑴의 VFS λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 식 (2)λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

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식 (2)λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰건을 κ³ λ €ν•œ 1650개의 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•에 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 얻은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ˜ 각 μΈμžλ“€μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄ κ°•μš°λŸ‰μ€ μ§€μ†μ‹œκ°„ 3μ‹œκ°„ 10 mm ~ 100 mm의 λ²”μœ„λ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° ν† μ§€ 피볡에 λ”°λ₯Έ ν† μ–‘μœ μ‹€λŸ‰μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨λ‘œ μ •μ˜λ˜λŠ” C-factorλŠ” 0.1둜 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 토양도, ν† μ§€μ΄μš©λ„ 그리고 식생피볡 처리 μƒνƒœ 및 μˆ˜λ¬Έν•™μ  쑰건 λ“± λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰건으둜 μœ νš¨μš°λŸ‰ λ°œμƒμ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” Curve Number (CN)은 85, κ²½μ‚¬λ„λŠ” 2%, 5%, 10% 그리고 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 폭은 1 m~ 2m의 λ²”μœ„λ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 일반적인 κ²½μž‘μ§€ 및 κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€ νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ 식 (2)λ₯Ό μ‚°μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ„€μ •ν•œ 각 μΈμžλ“€μ˜ λ²”μœ„λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰건의 κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ°μ— λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ‹€. 특히 60% 이상이 7~1 5% 경사도λ₯Ό κ°€μ§„ κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 급경사에 λŒ€ν•œ κ³ λ €κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κ°•μš°μ‚¬μƒμ΄ λ°œμƒν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ 유좜수 λ°œμƒμ— λ§Žμ€ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” CN 값은 κ²½μž‘μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 일반적으둜 60~75μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 값을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€(Jang, 2006; Mishra and Singh, 2003). 식 (2)의 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œ μ„€μ •ν•œ CN값인 85λŠ” 일반적으둜 μ£Όκ±°μ§€μ—­μ΄λ‚˜ 곡μž₯지역에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•œλ‹€. μ‹€μ œ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ—μ„œ CN 값이 80을 λ„˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λŠ” μž‘λ¬Ό 생μž₯이 λͺ¨λ‘ λλ‚œ ν›„ μ§€ν‘œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μž‘λ¬Όμ— μ˜ν•΄ ν”Όλ³΅λœ μƒνƒœμ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 값이닀. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” 전체 μž‘λ¬Ό 생μž₯κΈ°κ°„ 쀑 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 짧은 κΈ°κ°„μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ¬Όμ„ λŒ€ν‘œν•˜λŠ” CN κ°’μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. C-factor μ—­μ‹œ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ—μ„œ 주둜 μž¬λ°°λ˜λŠ” μž‘λ¬ΌμΈ 콩, μ˜₯수수, 감자 등을 κ³ λ €ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ 0.1둜 λŒ€ν‘œν•˜κΈ°μ— ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 식을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

2.2. κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ˜ νŠΉμ„±

κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ˜ 일반적인 νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬ 저감 효율 산정식을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ΅­λ¦½λ†μ—…κ³Όν•™μ›μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ ν† μ–‘ν™˜κ²½μ •λ³΄μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ(NAAS, 2015)μ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” ν†΅κ³„μžλ£Œλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν† μ–‘ν™˜κ²½μ •λ³΄μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ λ†μ—…ν™˜κ²½μ •λ³΄, 농경지화학성, ν† μ–‘νŠΉμ„±, 정밀농업기후도 λ“±μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλ‘œμ¨ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” ν† μ–‘ν™˜κ²½μ •λ³΄μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν†΅κ³„μžλ£Œλ₯Ό λ™μΌν•œ λ‹¨μœ„(ha)둜 κ°€κ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€(Table 1). 쑰사 κ²°κ³Ό κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ˜ 토양은 μ–‘ν† , 사양토, λ―Έμ‚¬μ§ˆ μ–‘ν† κ°€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„ μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμœΌλ©° μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–‘ν˜Έν•œ 배수 νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ˜ μ•½ 86% κ°€ 1 ha μ΄ν•˜μ˜ μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨ ν˜•νƒœμ΄κ³ , κ²½μ‚¬λ„λŠ” μ „μ²΄λ©΄μ μ˜ μ•½ 60%κ°€ 7~15%의 경사도λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€.

Table 1.

Slope, drainage class, unit size, and soil type of agricultural fields in South-Korea

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2.3. VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ κ°œμš”

VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•은 μ‹œν—˜ν¬ λ‹¨μœ„ λͺ¨ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ—μ„œμ˜ 유좜, 침투, μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•  수 있으며, 이미 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜„μž₯μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 정확도가 κ²€μ¦λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€(Munoz-Carpena et al., 1999). VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•은 섀계 κ°•μš°μ— μ˜ν•œ λ‹¨μœ„μœ λŸ‰λ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λ©°, λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰건의 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ˜ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ‹μƒμ˜ 간격, 길이, 경사도, 침투 νŠΉμ„± λ“±μ˜ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ κ΄€λ ¨ 인자뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν† μ„±κ³Ό ν† μ–‘ μž…μž 크기 λ“± λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 인자λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•œ 뢄석이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•은 크게 3κ°€μ§€ λͺ¨λ“ˆ(Infiltration λͺ¨λ“ˆ, Kinematic overland flow λͺ¨λ“ˆ, Sediment filtration λͺ¨λ“ˆ)둜 κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄μžˆλ‹€(Fig. 1). Infiltration λͺ¨λ“ˆμ€ Green-Ampt 침투 방정식을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μΉ¨νˆ¬λŸ‰ 및 μ΄ˆκ³Όμš°λŸ‰μ„ μ‚°μ •ν•˜λ©°, Kinematic overland flow λͺ¨λ“ˆμ€ 침투측의 μœ μΆœμ‹¬κ³Ό μœ μΆœλŸ‰μ„ κ³„μ‚°ν•œλ‹€. Sediment filtration λͺ¨λ“ˆμ€ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ‘œ μœ μž…λœ μœ μ‚¬μ˜ 이동과 퇴적을 λͺ¨μ˜ν•œλ‹€(MuΓ±oz-Carpena and Parsons, 2014).

Fig. 1.

Schematic depicting of VFSMOD-w model (MuΓ±oz-Carpena and Parsons, 2014).

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VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ μž…λ ₯μžλ£ŒλŠ” μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ 유좜 및 μœ μ‚¬ λ°œμƒλŸ‰ λͺ¨μ˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μž…λ ₯μžλ£Œμ™€ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 λͺ¨μ˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μž…λ ₯자료둜 ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ 유좜 및 μœ μ‚¬ λ°œμƒλŸ‰ λͺ¨μ˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μž…λ ₯μžλ£ŒλŠ” 1) κ°•μš°μ‚¬μƒ 및 μœ μΆœμ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” 인자(κ°•μš°λŸ‰, κ°•μš°μ§€μ†μ‹œκ°„, CN λ“±), 2) μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ μ§€ν˜•μ  νŠΉμ„± 인자(μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ 길이, 경사도, 면적 λ“±), 3) μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ ν† μ–‘κ΄€λ ¨ 인자(ν† μ„±, μž…μžν¬κΈ° λ“±)κ°€ 있으며 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ 유좜수 및 μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•œλ‹€. μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ‘œ μœ μž…λœ μœ μΆœμˆ˜μ™€ μœ μ‚¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ €κ°νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μž…λ ₯μžλ£ŒλŠ” μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 폭, 면적, 경사도, μ‹μƒμ˜ 간격과 길이, μ‘°λ„κ³„μˆ˜ 등이 있으며, 이λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ—μ„œ μœ μΆœλ˜λŠ” μœ μΆœμˆ˜μ™€ μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•œλ‹€.

Fig. 2.

Hydrologic components at source area and filter strip in VFSMOD-w.

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2.4. VFSMOD-w λͺ¨μ˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ μ„€μ •

λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€ νŠΉμ„± 쑰사 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜• λͺ¨μ˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€(Table 2). κ°•μš°λŸ‰κ³Ό κ°•μš° μ§€μ†μ‹œκ°„μ€ ν•œκ΅­ ν™•λ₯ κ°•μš°λŸ‰μ •λ³΄(MLIT, 2012)μ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” ν™•λ₯ κ°•μš°λŸ‰λ„λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 60λΆ„ κ°•μš° μ§€μ†μ‹œκ°„μ˜ 10λ…„, 20λ…„, 30λ…„ ν™•λ₯ κ°•μš°λŸ‰μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 31 mm, 57 mm, 67 mm둜 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, NRCS의 CNλŠ” 59, 68, 77둜 μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²½μ‚¬λ„λŠ” μ™„λ§Œν•œ κ²½μž‘μ§€λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  κΈ‰κ²½μ‚¬μ§€μ˜ κ²½μž‘μ§€ μ‘°κ±΄κΉŒμ§€ κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 2%~ 20% 넓은 λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν† μ–‘κ΄€λ ¨ 인자 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ 토성은 κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ€ 양을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ μ–‘ν† (loam)와 사양토(sandy loam)λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ—μ„œ μœ μ‚¬ λ°œμƒ 산정을 μœ„ν•œ 인자인 USLE ν† μ–‘λ³΄μ‘΄λŒ€μ±…μΈμž(P)λŠ” 1.0을, λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μž‘λ¬Όμ„ κ³ λ €ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν† μ–‘ν”Όλ³΅μΈμž(C)λŠ” 0.1, 0.3, 0.5을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

Table 2.

Selection and application of model parameters to explore runoff and sediment yield variations

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μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 면적은 이미 λ§Žμ€ μ„ ν–‰μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— κ°€μž₯ 큰 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” 인자둜 μ œμ‹œλ˜μ–΄μ™”λ‹€(Liu et al., 2008; Munoz-Carpena et al., 1999). ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ HRU (Hydrologic Response Unit) λ³„λ‘œ 유좜 및 μœ μ‚¬λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ˜ν•˜λŠ” SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적을 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•μ—μ„œ μ†Œμœ μ—­μ€ 수백 λ˜λŠ” 수천개의 HRU둜 κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. 각각의 HRUλŠ” κ²½μž‘μ§€ μ „μ²΄λ‚˜ 일뢀뢄 λ˜λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²½μž‘μ§€μ˜ 일뢀뢄을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κ³ , 일반적으둜 각각의 HRUλŠ” μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 크기와 ν˜•μƒμ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ White and Arnold (2009)λŠ” μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ€ HRU의 ν˜•μƒμ— 큰 영ν–₯을 λ°›μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°, μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적 λΉ„(AR)λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€μ„ 경우 μ†Œμœ μ—­λ‚΄μ— κ³΅κ°„μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„ν¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  HRU에 λ™μΌν•œ λΉ„μœ¨λ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ₯Ό μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” AR (0.5% ~ 10%)λ₯Ό 인자둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄ˆμ’…μ€ κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μ΄ˆμ’…μ— κ΄€ν•œ Choi and Jang (2014)의 연ꡬ결과에 따라 μž”λ””λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적은 기쑴의 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 많이 κ³ λ €λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 쑰건으둜 λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ²½μž‘μ§€ 면적을 κ³ μ • ν•œ ν›„ 경사도, μ΄ˆμ’…, μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 폭 λ“± μ—¬λŸ¬ μΈμžλ“€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€(Kuo and MuΓ±oz-Carpena, 2009; White and Arnold, 2009). ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ™μΌν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적비 μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œλ„ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적의 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨κ³Όμ— 영ν–₯을 쀄 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ •ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적을 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적은 폭을 50 m둜 κ³ μ •ν•˜κ³ , μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ κΈΈμ΄λŠ” 10 m ~ 400 m둜 μ„€μ •(0.05 ~ 2 ha)ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

2.5. μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 νšŒκ·€μ‹ μ‚°μ •

μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ 각 μΈμžλ“€μ˜ 영ν–₯정도λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 상관뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•ž μ ˆμ—μ„œ μ„€μ •ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨μ˜ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λͺ¨μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 각 μΈμžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 상관뢄석을 μ‹€μ‹œν•œ ν›„ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ νšŒκ·€μ‹ λ„μΆœμ„ μœ„ν•œ λ³€μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„€μ •λœ λ³€μˆ˜λ₯Ό 톡해 μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 산정식을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ°”λžŒμ§ν•œ μ‹μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ„ μ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„ λŠ” CurveExpert (v.2.2.0)λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 졜적의 νšŒκ·€μ‹μ„ λ„μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

CurveExpertλŠ” curve fitting 결과와 데이터 뢄석을 λ™μ‹œμ— μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” cross-platform ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ„ ν˜• νšŒκ·€ λͺ¨λΈκ³Ό λΉ„μ„ ν˜• νšŒκ·€λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ€€λ‹€. 기본적으둜 60κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” 식 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  있으며, μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ 직접 μ‹μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μž…λ ₯ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μž₯점이 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ Curve-ExpertλŠ” 졜적의 νšŒκ·€μ‹κ³Ό λ§€κ°œλ³€μˆ˜ μ‚°μ •κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό κ·Έλž˜ν”„ 및 톡계뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό(κ²°μ •κ³„μˆ˜, μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜, ν‘œμ€€μ˜€μ°¨ λ“±)와 ν•¨κ»˜ μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ€€λ‹€(Hyams, 2011). λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 상관뢄석을 톡해 μ„ μ •λœ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ„ CurveExpert에 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ„μΆœλœ νšŒκ·€μ‹μ˜ κ²°μ •κ³„μˆ˜μ™€ κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ 졜적의 νšŒκ·€μ‹μ„ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ λͺ¨μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό

53460 개의 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ λͺ¨μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ 각 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ μ„€μ • μΈμžλ“€μ˜ 영ν–₯ 정도λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 상관 뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Table 3은 각 μΈμžλ³„ μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ •λ¦¬ν•œ 것이닀.

Table 3.

Correlation coefficients of model parameters and sediment trapping efficiency

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_t003.jpg

AR : Ratio of VFS area to Source area

상관뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적비(AR)의 μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜κ°€ 0.45둜 κ°€μž₯ 큰 값을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆμœΌλ©° κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ 경사도>μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적>CN>C-factor>κ°•μš°λŸ‰ 순으둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ•„λž˜μ˜ ν‘œλŠ” μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 일뢀λ₯Ό μ •λ¦¬ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ μ„Έ κ°€μ§€ 인자(AR, 경사도, μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적)에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ μ •λ¦¬ν•œ 것이닀.

Table 4λŠ” AR을 μ œμ™Έν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μΈμžλ“€(ν† μ„±, 경사도, μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적, CN, C-factor, κ°•μš°κ°•λ„)이 동일할 λ•Œ, AR 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ 것이닀. AR 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ€ 12.9% ~ 83.7% λ²”μœ„λ‘œ μ΅œλŒ€ 70.8%의 차이λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€. Table 5λŠ” 경사도λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μΈμžλ“€(ν† μ„±, AR, μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적, CN, C-factor, κ°•μš°κ°•λ„)이 동일할 λ•Œ 경사도 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ 것이닀. Table 5와 같이 경사도 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ€ 25.4% ~ 94.7%둜 μ΅œλŒ€ 69.3% 차이λ₯Ό 보여 ARκ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ Table 6은 μ‹œν—˜ν¬μ˜ 면적을 μ œμ™Έν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μΈμžλ“€(ν† μ„±, AR, 경사도, CN, C-factor, κ°•μš°κ°•λ„)이 일정할 λ•Œ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ 것이닀. Table 6κ³Ό 같이 μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ€ 45.7% ~ 92.5% λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆμœΌλ©° μ΅œλŒ€ 46.8%의 차이λ₯Ό 보여 μ•žμ˜ 두 인자(ARκ³Ό 경사도)와 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ 차이λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ Table 3κ³Ό Table 6μ—μ„œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄ μ•ž 절(2.4 VFSMOD-w λͺ¨μ˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ μ„€μ •)μ—μ„œ μ˜ˆμƒν•œ 것과 같이 λ™μΌν•œ AR쑰건일지라도 μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적의 μ¦κ°€λŠ” μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적과 λ°œμƒ μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰μ΄ μ •ν™•νžˆ 비둀관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— Fig. 3κ³Ό 같이 μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적이 μΌμ •ν•œ 폭으둜 증가될 λ•Œ μœ μ‚¬ λ°œμƒλŸ‰μ˜ 증가폭은 κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ 컀지기 λ•Œλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.

Table 4.

Variation of sediment trapping efficiency with AR changes

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_t004.jpg
Table 5.

Variation of sediment trapping efficiency with Slope changes

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_t005.jpg
Table 6.

Variation of sediment trapping efficiency with Source area changes

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_t006.jpg
Fig. 3.

Exponential relationship of sediment yield (kg/m2) and source area (m2).

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_f003.jpg

3.2. μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 산정식 개발

νšŒκ·€μ‹μ˜ λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” 상관 뢄석 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ κ°€μž₯ 높은 상관성을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 면적비(AR)λ₯Ό λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적과 μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰μ„ ν•¨κ»˜ κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹¨μœ„ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적 λ‹Ή λ°œμƒ μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰ (SS)을 λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. White and Arnold (2009)이 κ°œλ°œν•œ 식 (2)의 경우 νšŒκ·€μ‹ λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ λ‹¨μœ„ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ λ©΄μ λ‹ΉλΆ€ν•˜ μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰(SL)을 μ„ μ •ν•˜μ—¬ νšŒκ·€μ‹μ„ λ„μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 민감도 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” SLκ³Ό SS의 μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜λŠ” 각각 βˆ’0.59, βˆ’0.68둜 SS의 μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜κ°€ 더 크게 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜ SSκ°€ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 더 큰 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” SS와 AR을 νšŒκ·€μ‹μ˜ λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„ μ •λœ λ³€μˆ˜λ₯Ό CurveExpert에 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ„ ν˜• 및 λΉ„μ„ ν˜• νšŒκ·€μ‹μ„ λ„μΆœν•΄λ‚Έ ν›„ 각 νšŒκ·€μ‹ 별 κ²°μ •κ³„μˆ˜μ™€ κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ 졜적의 μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νšŒκ·€μ‹μ„ λ„μΆœν–ˆλ‹€. 식 (3)은 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 μ‚°μ •μ‹μ˜ μ΅œμ’… ν˜•νƒœμ΄λ©° Fig. 4λŠ” CurveExpertμ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅ν•œ 3차원 κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ΄λ‹€.

Fig. 4.

Three dimensional graph of AR, SS, and RS to retrieve a regression.

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_f004.jpg

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_e903.jpg

식 (3)μ—μ„œ RSλŠ” μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율(%), ARλŠ” μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 면적 λΉ„μœ¨, SSλŠ” λ‹¨μœ„ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적 λ‹Ή λ°œμƒ μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰μ΄λ‹€. Fig. 5λŠ” μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ 식과 VFSMOD-wλͺ¨ν˜•을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨μ˜ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•œ 그림이닀. 식 (3)의 μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 μ‚°μ • κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό VFSMOD-wλͺ¨ν˜•에 μ˜ν•œ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율과 κ²€μ¦ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό κ²°μ •κ³„μˆ˜(R2)와 Nash-sutcliffe efficiency (NSE)λŠ” 각각 0.987, 0.977둜 맀우 높은 값을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ Fig. 5μ—μ„œ λ°•μŠ€λ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ 식 (3)결과와 VFSMOD-wλͺ¨ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό κ°„ 큰 차이가 λ°œμƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이에 λŒ€ν•œ 원인을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 식 (3)을 λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό Fig. 6κ³Ό κ°™μ•˜λ‹€.

Fig. 5.

Comparison of sediment trapping efficiencies by regression and VFSMOD-w model.

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_f005.jpg
Fig. 6.

Comparison of sediment trapping efficiencies by regression and VFSMOD-w model with AR of 0.5 ~ 1% (left) and 2 ~ 10% (right).

../../Resources/kswe/31-5/images/SJBJB8_2015_v31n5_482_f006.jpg

식 (3)으둜 μ‚°μ •ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό AR이 1% μ΄ν•˜μΌ λ•Œ VFSMOD-wλͺ¨ν˜•κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ κ³Όμ†Œν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ°œμƒν–ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 식 (3)은 AR이 1% μ΄ν•˜μΈ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ˜ν•  경우 μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율이 κ³Όμ†Œν‰κ°€λ  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” ν•œκ³„μ μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€.

4. Conclusion

λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ„ λͺ¨μ˜ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ SWAT λͺ¨ν˜• λ‚΄ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ λͺ¨λ“ˆμ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 산정식을 κ°œλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰건을 κ³ λ €ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ˜ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, λͺ¨μ˜ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 식을 μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€ νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€ νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 쑰사 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜• λͺ¨μ˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν–ˆλ‹€. 총 53460개의 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 각 μΈμžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 민감도 뢄석을 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적비(AR)와 λ‹¨μœ„ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적 λ‹Ή λ°œμƒ μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰(SS)의 μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜κ°€ κ°€μž₯ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 기쑴에 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 섀계 μ‹œ κ³ λ €λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ κ²½μž‘μ§€ 면적 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석결과 λ™μΌν•œ λ©΄μ λΉ„λ‘œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€λ₯Ό μ„€μΉ˜ν• μ§€λΌλ„ μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 면적에 따라 μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 차이가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” SSλ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. SS와 ν˜„μž¬ SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•μ—μ„œ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 μ‚°μ •μ‹μ˜ λ³€μˆ˜μΈ SL(λ‹¨μœ„ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ 면적 λ‹Ή μœ μž…μœ μ‚¬λŸ‰)κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율과의 μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ‚°μ •ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό 각각 βˆ’0.68κ³Ό βˆ’0.59둜 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ œμ‹œν•œ SSκ°€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° νš¨μœ¨μ— 더 λ§Žμ€ 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 결과적으둜 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ œμ‹œν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 산정식은 VFSMOD-w λͺ¨ν˜•κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ R2와 NSE 각각 0.987, 0.977둜 거의 1에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 값을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€.

ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ 식은 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ 길이가 μ‹œν—˜ν¬ 길이의 1% μ΄ν•˜μΌ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” κ³Όμ†Œν‰κ°€ ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μΆ”ν›„ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ μ— λŒ€ν•œ 원인뢄석 및 해결을 톡해 λ³Έ μ‹μ˜ κ°œμ„ μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ ν˜„μž₯μ‹€ν—˜ 자료의 λΆ€μž¬λ‘œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ μ‹μ˜ 검증을 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” ν•œκ³„μ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. 이에 μΆ”ν›„ 체계적이고 μž₯기간에 걸친 ν˜„μž₯μ‹€ν—˜ 자료λ₯Ό 톡해 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ μ‹μ˜ 검증이 μš”κ΅¬λœλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ œμ‹œν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 산정식을 SWAT λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ λͺ¨λ“ˆμ— μ μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ κ΅­λ‚΄ κ²½μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 보닀 μ •ν™•ν•œ μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€ μœ μ‚¬μ €κ° 효율 λͺ¨μ˜κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨λ˜λ©° 이λ₯Ό 톡해 효율적인 μ‹μƒμ—¬κ³ΌλŒ€μ˜ ν˜„μž₯적용이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€.

Acknowledgements

λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ꡭ토ꡐ톡뢀 λ¬Όκ΄€λ¦¬μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 연ꡬ비지원(14AWMPB082564-01)에 μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

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