JKSWE

1

Anderson-Bain K., Roberts C., Kohlman E., Ji X., Alcaraz A. J., Miller J., Gangur-Powell T., Weber L., Janz D., Hecker M., (2023), "Apical and mechanistic effects of 6PPD-quinone on different life-stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)," Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol. 271, pp. 109697.

2

Black G. P., De Parsia M., Uychutin M., Lane R., Orlando J. L., Hladik M. L., (2025), "6PPD-quinone in water from the San Francisco-San Joaquin Delta, California, 2018-2024," Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 197, no. 4, pp. 369.

3

Bohara K., Timilsina A., Adhikari K., Kafle A., Basyal S., Joshi P., Yadav A. K., (2024), "A mini review on 6PPD quinone: A new threat to aquaculture and fisheries," Environmental Pollution, vol. 340, pp. 122828.

4

Brinkmann M., Montgomery D., Selinger S., Miller J. G. P., Stock E., Alcaraz A. J., Challis J. K., Weber L., Janz D., Hecker M., Wiseman S., (2022), "Acute toxicity of the tire rubber-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone to four fishes of commercial, cultural, and ecological importance," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 333-338.

5

Cao G., Wang W., Zhang J., Wu P., Qiao H., Li H., Huang G., Yang Z., Cai Z., (2023), "Occurrence and fate of substituted p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones in Hong Kong wastewater treatment plants," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 41, pp. 15635-15643.

6

Cao G., Wang W., Zhang J., Wu P., Zhao X., Yang Z., Hu D., Cai Z., (2022), "New evidence of rubber-derived quinones in water, air, and soil," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 4142-4150.

7

Castan S., Sherman A., Peng R., Zumstein M. T., Wanek W., Hüffer T., Hofmann T., (2023), "Uptake, metabolism, and accumulation of tire wear particle-derived compounds in lettuce," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 168-178.

8

Challis J. K., Popick H., Prajapati S., Harder P., Giesy J. P., McPhedran K., Brinkmann M., (2021), "Occurrences of tire rubber-derived contaminants in cold-climate urban runoff," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 961-967.

9

Chang J., Zhang L., Zhao J., Zhang Z., Wang Z., Wang H., Wan B., (2024), "6PPD, not 6PPD-quinone, induced serious zebrafish eye damage by disrupting the thyroid signaling pathway," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 58, no. 50, pp. 22076-22088.

10

Datta R. N., Huntink N. M., Datta S., Talma A. G., (2007), "Rubber vulcanizates degradation and stabilization," Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 436-480.

11

Di S., Liu Z., Zhao H., Li Y., Qi P., Wang Z., Xu H., Jin Y., Wang X., (2022), "Chiral perspective evaluations: Enantioselective hydrolysis of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone in water and enantioselective toxicity to Gobiocypris rarus and Oncorhynchus mykiss," Environment International, vol. 166, pp. 107374.

12

Du B., Liang B., Li Y., Shen M., Liu L. Y., Zeng L., (2022), "First report on the occurrence of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 6PPD-quinone as pervasive pollutants in human urine from South China," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1056-1062.

13

Escobar-Arnanz J., Royano S., Navarro I., de la Torre A., Martínez M. Á., (2025), "New insights into the occurrence of vehicle related compounds in one of Europe’s longest rivers," Environmental Research, vol. 288, no. 1, pp. 123158.

14

Fang C., Fang L., Di S., Yu Y., Wang X., Wang C., Jin Y., (2023), "Characterization of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-induced cardiotoxicity in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 882, pp. 163595.

15

Fang J., Wang X., Cao G., Wang F., Ru Y., Wang B., Zhang Y., Zhang D., Yan J., Xu J., Ji J., Ji F., Zhou Y., Guo L., Li M., Liu W., Cai X., Cai Z., (2024), "6PPD-quinone exposure induces neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction to exacerbate Lewy neurites formation induced by α-synuclein preformed fibrils seeding," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 465, pp. 133312.

16

Fang L., Fang C., Di S., Yu Y., Wang C., Wang X., Jin Y., (2023b), "Oral exposure to tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone induce hepatotoxicity in mice," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 869, pp. 161836.

17

Ge Y., Liu J., Shi R., Li X., Zeb A., Wang Q., Wang J., Zhao Y., Yu M., Yin C., Xiong H., Liu W., (2024), "Environmental concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q cause oxidative damage and alter metabolism in Eichhornia crassipes," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 951, pp. 175736.

18

Greer J. B., Dalsky E. M., Lane R. F., Hansen J. D., (2023), "Establishing an in vitro model to assess the toxicity of 6PPD-quinone and other tire wear transformation products," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 10, pp. 533-537.

19

Helm P. A., Raby M., Kleywegt S., Sorichetti R. J., Arabian G., Smith D., Howell E. T., Thibeau J., (2024), "Assessment of tire-additive transformation product 6PPD-quinone in urban-impacted watersheds," ACS EST Water, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1422-1432.

20

Hiki K., Yamamoto H., (2022), "The tire-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone is lethally toxic to the white-spotted char Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius but not to two other salmonid species," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 9, pp. 1050-1055.

21

Hiki K., Asahina K., Kato K., Yamagishi T., Omagari R., Iwasaki Y., Watanabe H., Yamamoto H., (2021), "Acute toxicity of a tire rubber-derived chemical, 6PPD quinone, to freshwater fish and crustacean species," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 8, pp. 779-784.

22

Hu X., Zhao H., Tian Z., Peter K. T., Dodd M. C., Kolodziej E. P., (2023), "Chemical characteristics, leaching, and stability of the ubiquitous tire rubber-derived toxicant 6PPD-quinone," Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 901-911.

23

Hua X., Wang D., (2023), "Tire-rubber related pollutant 6-PPD quinone: A review of its transformation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 459, pp. 132265.

24

Huang J., Jin H., Zhu Y., Guo R., Zhou L., Wu X., (2024), "Presence of N,N′-substituted p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones in human urine," Toxics, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 733.

25

Ihenetu S. C., Xu Q., Fang Q., Azeem M., Li G., Enyoh C. E., (2025), "6PPD and 6PPD-quinone in the urban environment: Assessing exposure pathways and human health risks," Urban Science, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 228.

26

Ihenetu S. C., Xu Q., Khan Z. H., Kazmi S. S. U. H., Ding J., Sun Q., Li G., (2024), "Environmental fate of tire-rubber related pollutants 6PPD and 6PPD-Q: A review," Environmental Research, vol. 258, pp. 119492.

27

Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC), (2024), "Technical/regulatory guidance: 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone," Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council.

28

Iqbal H., Shi X., Liu W., Baig A. M., Tariq H., Zeb A., Khan S., Sun Y., An J., (2025), "6PPD and 6PPD-Q in terrestrial environments: Environmental fate, ecological effects, and mitigation approaches," Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 216, pp. 106492.

29

Jaeger A., Monaghan J., Tomlin H., Atkinson J., Gill C. G., Krogh E. T., (2024), "Intensive spatiotemporal characterization of the tire wear toxin 6PPD quinone in urban waters," ACS EST Water, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 5566-5574.

30

Jiang Y., Wang C., Ma L., Gao T., Wang Y., (2024), "Environmental profiles, hazard identification, and toxicological hallmarks of emerging tire rubber-related contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone," Environment International, vol. 187, pp. 108677.

31

Jin R., Wu Y., He Q., Sun P., Chen Q., Xia C., Huang Y., Yang J., Liu M., (2023), "Ubiquity of amino accelerators and antioxidants in road dust from multiple land types: Targeted and nontargeted analysis," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 28, pp. 10361-10372.

32

Johannessen C., Metcalfe C. D., (2022), "The occurrence of tire wear compounds and their transformation products in municipal wastewater and drinking water treatment plants," Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 194, no. 10, pp. 731.

33

Johannessen C., Helm P., Metcalfe C. D., (2021), "Detection of selected tire wear compounds in urban receiving waters," Environmental Pollution, vol. 287, pp. 117659.

34

Johannessen C., Helm P., Lashuk B., Yargeau V., Metcalfe C. D., (2022), "The tire wear compounds 6PPD-quinone and 1,3-diphenylguanidine in an urban watershed," Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 82, no. 10, pp. 171-179.

35

Johannessen C., Liggio J., Zhang X., Saini A., Harner T., (2022), "Composition and transformation chemistry of tire-wear derived organic chemicals and implications for air pollution," Atmospheric Pollution Research, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 101533.

36

Kazmi S. S. U. H., Xu Q., Tayyab M., Pastorino P., Barceló D., Yaseen Z. M., Khan Z. H., Li G., (2024), "Navigating the environmental dynamics, toxicity to aquatic organisms and human associated risks of an emerging tire wear contaminant 6PPD-quinone," Environmental Pollution, vol. 356, pp. 124313.

37

Klöckner P., Seiwert B., Wagner S., Reemtsma T., (2021), "Organic markers of tire and road wear particles in sediments and soils: Transformation products of major antiozonants as promising candidates," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 55, no. 17, pp. 11723-11732.

38

Kryuchkov F., Foldvik A., Sandodden R., Uhlig S., (2023), "Presence of 6PPD-quinone in runoff water samples from Norway using a new LC-MS/MS method," Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry, vol. 4, pp. 1194664.

39

Lane R. F., Smalling K. L., Bradley P. M., Greer J. B., Gordon S. E., Hansen J. D., Kolpin D. W., Spanjer A. R., Masoner J. R., (2024), "Tire-derived contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-Q: Analysis, sample handling, and reconnaissance of United States stream exposures," Chemosphere, vol. 363, pp. 142830.

40

Li C., Yang Y., Tian Z., Huang Z., Huang Y., Hong Y., (2025), "Residues of 6PPD-Q in the aquatic environment and toxicity to aquatic organisms: A review," Fishes, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 146.

41

Li Y., Zeng J., Liang Y., Zhao Y., Zhang S., Chen Z., Zhang J., Shen X., Wang J., Zhang Y., Sun Y., (2024), "A review of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its derivative 6PPD-quinone in the environment," Toxics, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 394.

42

Liao X., Chen Z., Ou S., Liu Q., Lin S., Zhou J., Wang Y., Cai Z., (2024), "Neurological impairment is crucial for tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPDQ-induced acute toxicity to rainbow trout," Science Bulletin, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 621-635.

43

Liu J., Yu M., Shi R., Ge Y., Li J., Zeb A., Cheng Z., Liu W., (2024), "Comparative toxic effect of tire wear particle-derived compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone to Chlorella vulgaris," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 951, pp. 175592.

44

Lo B. P., Marlatt V. L., Liao X., Reger S., Gallilee C., Ross A. R. S., Brown T. M., (2023), "Acute toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to early life stage juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 815-822.

45

Maurer L., Carmona E., Machate O., Schulze T., Krauss M., Brack W., (2023), "Contamination pattern and risk assessment of polar compounds in snow melt: An integrative proxy of road runoffs," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 4143-4152.

46

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT), (2026), "Vehicle registration statistics: Status of registered vehicles in 2024," Korean Statistical Information Service / MOLIT Statistics.

47

Ministry of Water, Land, and Resource Stewardship, (2025), "6PPD-quinone water quality guidelines - freshwater aquatic life," Water Quality Guideline Series WQG-24. Prov. B.C., Victoria, B.C..

48

Monaghan J., Jaeger A., Agua A. R., Stanton R. S., Pirrung M., Gill C. G., Krogh E. T., (2021), "A direct mass spectrometry method for the rapid analysis of ubiquitous tire-derived toxin N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ)," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1051-1056.

49

Montgomery D., Ji X., Cantin J., Philibert D., Foster G., Selinger S., Jain N., Miller J., McIntyre J., de Jourdan B., (2023), "Interspecies differences in 6PPD-quinone toxicity across seven fish species: Metabolite identification and semiquantification," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, pp. 21071-21079.

50

OSPAR Commission, (2006), "Hazardous substances series: 4-(Dimethylbutylamino)diphenylamine (6PPD) 2005 (2006 update), Publication No. 271/2006."

51

Peng W., Liu C., Chen D., Duan X., Zhong L., (2022), "Exposure to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) affects the growth and development of zebrafish embryos/larvae," Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 232, pp. 113221.

52

Prosser R., Salole J., Hang S., (2023), "Toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to four freshwater invertebrate species," Environmental Pollution, vol. 337, pp. 122512.

53

PubChem, (2021), "N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine," United States National Library of Medicine.

54

Qin Z., Li Y., Qin Y., Chen Z., Guo J., Fang F., Schäffer A., Hollert H., Shao Y., (2025), "Correlation between 6PPD-Q and immune along with metabolic dysregulation induced liver lesions in outdoor workers," Environment International, vol. 199, pp. 109455.

55

Rauert C., Charlton N., Okoffo E. D., Stanton R. S., Agua A. R., Pirrung M. C., Thomas K. V., (2022), "Concentrations of tire additive chemicals and tire road wear particles in an Australian urban tributary," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 2421-2431.

56

Roberts C., Lin J., Kohlman E., Jain N., Amekor M., Alcaraz A. J., Hogan N., Hecker M., Brinkmann M., (2025), "Acute and subchronic toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to early life stage lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 791-797.

57

Rossomme E., Hart-Cooper W. M., Orts W. J., McMahan C. M., Head-Gordon M., (2023), "Computational studies of rubber ozonation explain the effectiveness of 6PPD as an antidegradant and the mechanism of its quinone formation," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 13, pp. 5216-5230.

58

Seiwert B., Nihemaiti M., Troussier M., Weyrauch S., Reemtsma T., (2022), "Abiotic oxidative transformation of 6-PPD and 6-PPD quinone from tires and occurrence of their products in snow from urban roads and in municipal wastewater," Water Research, vol. 212, pp. 118122.

59

Shi R., Zhang Z., Zeb A., Fu X., Shi X., Liu J., Wang J., Wang Q., Chen C., Sun W., Liu W., (2024), "Environmental occurrence, fate, human exposure, and human health risks of p-phenylenediamines and their quinones," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 957, pp. 177742.

60

Somepalli K., Andaluri G., (2025), "Transformation pathways, detection, removal, and sustainable alternatives of 6PPD and its quinone derivative (6PPDQ): A comprehensive review," Emerging Contaminants, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 100547.

61

Tentscher P. R., Bourgin M., von Gunten U., (2018), "Ozonation of para-substituted phenolic compounds yields p-benzoquinones, other cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones, and substituted catechols," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 4763-4773.

62

Tian Z., Zhao H., Peter K. T., Gonzalez M., Wetzel J., Wu C., Hu X., Prat J., Mudrock E., Hettinger R., Cortina A. E., Ghosh Biswas R., Kock F. V. C., Soong R., Jenne A., Du B., Hou F., He H., Lundeen R., Gilbreath A., Sutton R., Scholz N. L., Davis J. W., Dodd M. C., Simpson A., McIntyre J. K., Kolodziej E. P., (2021), "A ubiquitous tire rubber-derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon," Science, vol. 371, no. 6525, pp. 185-189.

63

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA.), (2023), "Estimation programs interface suite for microsoft windows, v4.11 (EPI Suite v4.11)," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.

64

Varshney S., Gora A. H., Siriyappagouder P., Kiron V., Olsvik P. A., (2022), "Toxicological effects of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone in zebrafish larvae," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 424, pp. 127623.

65

Wang B., Sun W., Ye X., Liu Z., Zhang H., (2025), "Occurrence, analytical methods, and ecotoxicological effects of 6PPD-quinone in aquatic environments: A review," TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 193, pp. 118449.

66

Xu T. T., Guo J. L., Yi J. F., Huang S. N., Liu L. Y., Guo Y., (2024), "Occurrence and risk assessment of p-phenylenediamines and their quinones in aquatic environment: From city wastewater to deep sea," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 954, pp. 176123.

67

Yan X., Xiao J., Kiki C., Zhang Y., Manzi H. P., Zhao G., Wang S., Sun Q., (2024), "Unraveling the fate of 6PPD-Q in aquatic environment: Insights into formation, dissipation, and transformation under natural conditions," Environment International, vol. 191, pp. 109004.

68

Yang Y., Sun N., Lv J., Chen H., Wang H., Xu J., Hu J., Tao L., Fang M., Huang Y., (2024), "Environmentally realistic dose of tire-derived metabolite 6PPD-Q exposure causes intestinal jejunum and ileum damage in mice via cannabinoid receptor-activated inflammation," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 918, pp. 170679.

69

Yin T., Liang Y., Liu Y., Liu J., Wang X., (2025), "Environmental occurrence, influencing factors, and toxic effects of 6PPD-Q," Toxics, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 906.

70

Zeng L., Li Y., Sun Y., Liu L., Shen M., Du B., (2023), "Widespread occurrence and transport of p-phenylenediamines and their quinones in sediments across urban rivers, estuaries, coasts, and deep-sea regions," Environmental Science Technology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 2393-2403.

71

Zhang H. Y., Huang Z., Liu Y. H., Hu L. X., He L. Y., Liu Y. S., Zhao J. L., Ying G. G., (2023), "Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system," Environment International, vol. 171, pp. 107715.

72

Zhang P., Tang X., Qin N., Shuai Y., Wang J., Wang H., Ouyang Z., Jia H., (2024), "Advanced understanding of the natural forces accelerating aging and release of black microplastics (tire wear particles) based on mechanism and toxicity analysis," Water Research, vol. 266, pp. 122409.

73

Zhang R., Zhao S., Liu X., Thomes M. W., Bong C. W., Samaraweera D. N. D., Priyadarshana T., Zhong G., Li J., Zhang G., (2023), "Fates of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, and p-phenylenediamines in wastewater treatment plants in Malaysia and Sri Lanka," ACS EST Water, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1630-1640.

74

Zhao H. N., Hu X., Tian Z., Gonzalez M., Rideout C . A., Peter K. T., Dodd M. C., Kolodziej E. P., (2023), "Transformation products of tire rubber antioxidant 6PPD in heterogeneous gas-phase ozonation: Identification and environmental occurrence," Environmental Science Technology, vol. 57, no. 14, pp. 5621-5632.

75

Zhao Y., Liu W., Liu J., Shi R., Zeb A., Li X., Ge Y., (2024), "Phytotoxicity of 6PPD and its uptake by Myriophyllum verticillatum: Oxidative stress and metabolic processes," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 955, pp. 177248.

76

Zhu J., Guo R., Ren F., Jiang S., Jin H., (2024), "Occurrence and partitioning of p-phenylenediamine antioxidants and their quinone derivatives in water and sediment," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 914, pp. 170046.

77

Zoroufchi Benis K., Behnami A., Minaei S., Brinkmann M., McPhedran K. N., Soltan J., (2023), "Environmental occurrence and toxicity of 6PPD quinone, an emerging tire rubber-derived chemical: A review," Environmental Science Technology Letters, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 815-823.

JKSWE The Journal of
the Korean Society on Water Environment

Editorial Office

Journal XML

References

JKSWE The Journal ofthe Korean Society on Water Environment

Editorial Office

Journal XML

References

JKSWE The Journal of
the Korean Society on Water Environment